⬡Semiconductor Quantum Foundations

Electrons in a crystal behave as quasiparticles with a band-dependent effective mass.

Small structures discretize electron energies.

A magnetic field splits two spin orientations.

Motion in an electric field can couple to spin.

Multiple conduction-band minima can create additional low-energy states.

Adding one electron costs electrostatic energy.

Gate voltages shape the confinement potential.