Spin-to-charge conversion
Spin states become distinguishable charge outcomes.
$$P_{\uparrow}=\frac{N_{\uparrow}}{N_{\rm shots}}$$
Physical intuition
Spin states become distinguishable charge outcomes.
Deep dive: physical mechanism
Energy-selective tunneling or Pauli blockade maps spin to occupancy.
What is measured experimentally?
A charge sensor resolves time-dependent tunneling events.
Assumptions, noise and limitations
Readout visibility depends on temperature, tunnel rate and sensor bandwidth.
Research and simulation exercise
Optimize a threshold classifier for noisy readout traces.
Connect the ideas
Explore the chapter overview, learning path, and references.